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  • actor Angus Macfadyen
  • genre Drama
  • duration 178Min
  • Story Braveheart is a movie starring Mel Gibson, Sophie Marceau, and Patrick McGoohan. When his secret bride is executed for assaulting an English soldier who tried to rape her, William Wallace begins a revolt against King Edward I of
  • Rating 918546 votes

 

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Braveheart North American theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Gibson Produced by Mel Gibson Alan Ladd Jr. Bruce Davey Written by Randall Wallace Starring Mel Gibson Sophie Marceau Patrick McGoohan Catherine McCormack Music by James Horner Cinematography John Toll Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production company Icon Productions The Ladd Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures (North America) 20th Century Fox (International) Release date May 18, 1995 ( Seattle) May 24, 1995 (United States) Running time 178 minutes Country United States [1] Language English Budget $65–70 million [2] [3] Box office $210. 4 million [2] Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed and co-produced by Mel Gibson, who portrays William Wallace, a late-13th-century Scottish warrior. The film is fictionally based on the life of Wallace leading the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England. The film also stars Sophie Marceau, Patrick McGoohan and Catherine McCormack. The story is inspired by Blind Harry 's epic poem The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace. Development on the film initially started at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer when producer Alan Ladd Jr. picked up the project from Wallace, but when MGM was going through new management, Ladd left the studio and took the project with him. Despite initially declining, Gibson eventually decided to direct the film, as well as star as Wallace. The film was filmed in Scotland and Ireland from June to October 1994 with a budget around $65–70 million. [4] Braveheart, which was produced by Gibson's Icon Productions and The Ladd Company, was distributed by Paramount Pictures in North America and by 20th Century Fox internationally. Released on May 24, 1995, Braveheart received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, directing, production values, battle sequences, and musical score, but criticized its inaccuracies regarding Wallace's title, love interests, and attire. [5] The film grossed $75. 6 million in the US and grossed $210. 4 million worldwide. At the 68th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Makeup, and Best Sound Effects Editing. A sequel, Robert the Bruce, was released in 2019, with Angus Macfadyen reprising his role. Plot [ edit] In 1280, King Edward "Longshanks" invades and conquers Scotland following the death of Alexander III of Scotland, who left no heir to the throne. Young William Wallace witnesses Longshanks' treachery, survives the deaths of his father and brother, and is taken abroad on a pilgrimage throughout Europe by his paternal uncle Argyle, where he is educated. Years later, in 1297, Longshanks grants his noblemen land and privileges in Scotland, including Prima Nocte. Meanwhile, a grown Wallace returns to Scotland and falls in love with his childhood friend Murron MacClannough, and the two marry in secret. Wallace rescues Murron from being raped by English soldiers, but as she fights off their second attempt, Murron is captured and publicly executed. In retribution, Wallace leads his clan to slaughter the English garrison in his hometown and send the occupying garrison at Lanark back to England. Longshanks orders his son Prince Edward to stop Wallace by any means necessary. Alongside his friend Hamish, Wallace rebels against the English, and as his legend spreads, hundreds of Scots from the surrounding clans join him. Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling and then destroys the city of York, killing Longshanks' nephew and sending his severed head to the king. Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Bruce, the son of nobleman Robert the Elder and a contender for the Scottish crown. Robert is dominated by his father, who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English. Worried by the threat of the rebellion, Longshanks sends his son's wife Isabella of France to try to negotiate with Wallace as a distraction for the landing of another invasion force in Scotland. After meeting him in person, Isabella becomes enamored of Wallace. She warns him of the coming invasion, and Wallace implores the Scottish nobility to take immediate action to counter the threat and take back the country, asking Robert the Bruce to lead. In 1298, leading the English army himself, Longshanks confronts the Scots at Falkirk. There, noblemen Mornay and Lochlan turn their backs on Wallace after being bribed by the king, resulting in the death of Hamish's father, Campbell. Wallace is then further betrayed when he discovers Robert the Bruce was fighting alongside Longshanks; after the battle, after seeing the damage he helped do to his countrymen, the Bruce reprimands his father and vows not to be on the wrong side again. Wallace kills Lochlan and Mornay for their betrayal, and wages a guerrilla war against the English for the next seven years, assisted by Isabella, with whom he eventually has an affair. In 1305, Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in Edinburgh, but Robert's father has conspired with other nobles to capture and hand over Wallace to the English. Learning of his treachery, Robert disowns and banishes his father. Isabella exacts revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks by telling him that his bloodline will be destroyed upon his death as she is now pregnant with Wallace's child. In London, Wallace is brought before an English magistrate, tried for high treason, and condemned to public torture and beheading. Even whilst being hanged, drawn and quartered, Wallace refuses to submit to the king. The watching crowd, deeply moved by the Scotsman's valor, begin crying for mercy. The magistrate offers him one final chance, asking him only to utter the word, "Mercy", and be granted a quick death. Wallace instead shouts, "Freedom! ", and the judge orders his death. As Wallace's cry rings through the square, Longshanks hears it just before dying. Moments before being decapitated, Wallace sees a vision of Murron in the crowd, smiling at him. In 1314, Robert, now Scotland's king, leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburn, where he is to formally accept English rule. As he begins to ride toward the English, he stops and invokes Wallace's memory. Hamish throws Wallace's sword, Braveheart, point-down in front of the English army, imploring his men to fight with Robert as they did with Wallace. With the Scots chanting Wallace's name, Robert then leads his army into battle against the stunned English, winning the Scots their freedom. The final shot of the film is the sun setting behind Braveheart as it sways in the wind. Cast [ edit] Production [ edit] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. ( February 2020) Producer Alan Ladd Jr. initially had the project at MGM-Pathé Communications when he picked up the script from Wallace. [6] When MGM was going through new management in 1993, Ladd left the studio and took some of its top properties, including Braveheart. [7] Gibson came across the script and even though he liked it, he initially passed on it. However, the thought of it kept coming back to him and he ultimately decided to take on the project. [6] Gibson was initially interested in directing only and considered Brad Pitt in the role of William Wallace, but Gibson reluctantly agreed to play Wallace as well. [3] Gibson (right) on set with 20th Century Fox executive Scott Neeson Gibson and his production company, Icon Productions, had difficulty raising enough money for the film. Warner Bros. was willing to fund the project on the condition that Gibson sign for another Lethal Weapon sequel, which he refused. Gibson eventually gained enough financing for the film, with Paramount Pictures financing a third of the budget in exchange for North American distribution rights to the film, and 20th Century Fox putting up two thirds of the budget in exchange for international distribution rights. [8] [3] Principal photography on the film began on June 6, 1994. [9] While the crew spent three weeks shooting on location in Scotland, the major battle scenes were shot in Ireland using members of the Irish Army Reserve as extras. To lower costs, Gibson had the same extras, up to 1, 600 in some scenes, portray both armies. The reservists had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their military uniforms for medieval garb. [10] Principal photography ended on October 28, 1994. [11] The film was shot in the anamorphic format with Panavision C- and E-Series lenses. [12] Gibson had to tone down the film's battle scenes to avoid an NC-17 rating from the MPAA; the final version was rated R for "brutal medieval warfare ". [13] Gibson and editor Steven Rosenblum initially had a film at 195 minutes, but Sheryl Lansing, who was the head of Paramount at the time, requested Gibson and Rosenblum to cut the film down to 177 minutes. [14] According to Gibson in a 2016 interview with Collider, there is a four-hour version of the film and would be interested in reassembling it if both Paramount and Fox are interested. [15] Soundtrack [ edit] The score was composed and conducted by James Horner and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. It is Horner's second of three collaborations with Mel Gibson as director. The score has gone on to be one of the most commercially successful soundtracks of all time. It received considerable acclaim from film critics and audiences and was nominated for a number of awards, including the Academy Award, Saturn Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award. Release and reception [ edit] Box office [ edit] On its opening weekend, Braveheart grossed $9, 938, 276 in the United States and $75. 6 million in its box office run in the U. S. and Canada. [2] Worldwide, the film grossed $210, 409, 945 and was the thirteenth-highest-grossing film of 1995. [2] Critical response [ edit] Braveheart earned positive reviews; critics praised Gibson's direction and performance as Wallace, the performances of its cast, and its screenplay, production values, Horner's score, and the battle sequences. The depiction of the Battle of Stirling Bridge was listed by CNN as one of the best battles in cinema history. [16] However, it was also criticized for its depiction of history. The film holds a 77% approval rating at review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 7. 25/10, based on 75 reviews. The site's consensus states "Distractingly violent and historically dodgy, Mel Gibson's Braveheart justifies its epic length by delivering enough sweeping action, drama, and romance to match its ambition. " [17] The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 20 critic reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews". [18] Caryn James of The New York Times praised the film, calling it "one of the most spectacular entertainments in years. " Roger Ebert gave the film 3. 5 stars out of four, calling it "An action epic with the spirit of the Hollywood swordplay classics and the grungy ferocity of The Road Warrior. " In a positive review, Gene Siskel wrote that "in addition to staging battle scenes well, Gibson also manages to recreate the filth and mood of 700 years ago. " [19] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone felt that "though the film dawdles a bit with the shimmery, dappled love stuff involving Wallace with a Scottish peasant and a French princess, the action will pin you to your seat. " Not all reviews were positive, however. Richard Schickel of TIME magazine argued that "everybody knows that a non-blubbering clause is standard in all movie stars' contracts. Too bad there isn't one banning self-indulgence when they direct. " [20] Peter Stack of San Francisco Chronicle felt "at times the film seems an obsessive ode to Mel Gibson machismo. " [21] In a 2005 poll by British film magazine Empire, Braveheart was No. 1 on their list of "The Top 10 Worst Pictures to Win Best Picture Oscar". [22] Empire readers had previously voted Braveheart the best film of 1995. [23] Effect on tourism [ edit] The European premiere was on September 3, 1995, in Stirling. [24] In 1996, the year after the film was released, the annual three-day "Braveheart Conference" at Stirling Castle attracted fans of Braveheart, increasing the conference's attendance to 167, 000 from 66, 000 in the previous year. [25] In the following year, research on visitors to the Stirling area indicated that 55% of the visitors had seen Braveheart. Of visitors from outside Scotland, 15% of those who saw Braveheart said it influenced their decision to visit the country. Of all visitors who saw Braveheart, 39% said the film influenced in part their decision to visit Stirling, and 19% said the film was one of the main reasons for their visit. [26] In the same year, a tourism report said that the " Braveheart effect" earned Scotland £7 million to £15 million in tourist revenue, and the report led to various national organizations encouraging international film productions to take place in Scotland. [27] The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish history, not only around the world, but also in Scotland itself. [ citation needed] At a Braveheart Convention in 1997, held in Stirling the day after the Scottish Devolution vote and attended by 200 delegates from around the world, Braveheart author Randall Wallace, Seoras Wallace of the Wallace Clan, Scottish historian David Ross and Bláithín FitzGerald from Ireland gave lectures on various aspects of the film. [ citation needed] Several of the actors also attended including James Robinson (Young William), Andrew Weir (Young Hamish), Julie Austin (the young bride) and Mhairi Calvey (Young Murron). [ citation needed] Awards and honors [ edit] Braveheart was nominated for many awards during the 1995 Oscar season, though it was not viewed by many as a major contender such as Apollo 13, Il Postino: The Postman, Leaving Las Vegas, Sense and Sensibility, and The Usual Suspects. It wasn't until after the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards that it was viewed as a serious Oscar contender. When the nominations were announced for the 68th Academy Awards, Braveheart received ten Academy Award nominations, and a month later, won five including Best Picture, Best Director for Gibson, Best Cinematography, Best Sound Effects Editing, and Best Makeup. [28] Braveheart became the ninth film to win Best Picture with no acting nominations and is one of only three films to win Best Picture without being nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, the other being The Shape of Water in 2017 and followed by Green Book the following year. [29] [30] [31] The film also won the Writer's Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay. [32] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years [33] Year Ceremony Category Recipients Result 1995 68th Academy Awards Best Picture Mel Gibson, Alan Ladd Jr. and Bruce Davey Won Best Director Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Randall Wallace Nominated Best Cinematography John Toll Best Costume Design Charles Knode Best Sound Andy Nelson, Scott Millan, Anna Behlmer and Brian Simmons Best Sound Effects Editing Lon Bender and Per Hallberg Best Film Editing Steven Rosenblum Best Makeup Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison and Lois Burwell Best Original Score James Horner 53rd Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Braveheart Best Screenplay 49th British Academy Film Awards Best Direction Best Film Music Best Production Design Thomas E. Sanders Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, and Lois Burwell Andy Nelson, Scott Millan, Anna Behlmer, and Brian Simmons 1996 MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Best Male Performance Most Desirable Male Best Action Sequence Battle of Stirling 48th Writers Guild of America Awards Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay American Film Institute lists AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – Nominated [34] AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills – No. 91 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes & Villains: William Wallace – Nominated Hero [35] AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes: "They may take away our lives, but they'll never take our freedom! " – Nominated [36] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [37] AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers – No. 62 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated [38] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film [39] Cultural effects [ edit] Lin Anderson, author of Braveheart: From Hollywood To Holyrood, credits the film with playing a significant role in affecting the Scottish political landscape in the mid-to-late 1990s. [40] Wallace Monument [ edit] In 1997, a 12-foot (3. 7 m), 13-tonne (13-long-ton; 14-short-ton) sandstone statue depicting Mel Gibson as William Wallace in Braveheart was placed in the car park of the Wallace Monument near Stirling, Scotland. The statue, which was the work of Tom Church, a monumental mason from Brechin, [41] included the word 'Braveheart' on Wallace's shield. The installation became the cause of much controversy; one local resident stated that it was wrong to "desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap". [42] In 1998, someone wielding a hammer vandalized the statue's face. After repairs were made, the statue was encased in a cage every night to prevent further vandalism. This only incited more calls for the statue to be removed, as it then appeared that the Gibson/Wallace figure was imprisoned. The statue was described as "among the most loathed pieces of public art in Scotland". [43] In 2008, the statue was returned to its sculptor to make room for a new visitor centre being built at the foot of the Wallace Monument. [44] Historical inaccuracy [ edit] Randall Wallace, who wrote the screenplay, has acknowledged Blind Harry 's 15th-century epic poem The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie as a major inspiration for the film. [45] In defending his script, Randall Wallace has said, "Is Blind Harry true? I don't know. I know that it spoke to my heart and that's what matters to me, that it spoke to my heart. " [45] Blind Harry's poem is not regarded as historically accurate, and although some incidents in the film that are not historically accurate are taken from Blind Harry (e. g. the hanging of Scottish nobles at the start), [46] there are large parts that are based neither on history nor Blind Harry (e. Wallace's affair with Princess Isabella). [5] Elizabeth Ewan describes Braveheart as a film that "almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure". [47] The "brave heart" refers in Scottish history to that of Robert the Bruce, and an attribution by William Edmondstoune Aytoun, in his poem Heart of Bruce, to Sir James the Good Douglas: "Pass thee first, thou dauntless heart, As thou wert wont of yore! ", prior to Douglas' demise at the Battle of Teba in Andalusia. [48] It has been described as one of the most historically inaccurate modern films. [5] Sharon Krossa noted that the film contains numerous historical errors, beginning with the wearing of belted plaid by Wallace and his men. In that period "no Scots [... ] wore belted plaids (let alone kilts of any kind). " Moreover, when Highlanders finally did begin wearing the belted plaid, it was not "in the rather bizarre style depicted in the film". She compares the inaccuracy to "a film about Colonial America showing the colonial men wearing 20th century business suits, but with the jackets worn back-to-front instead of the right way around. " [49] In a previous essay about the film, she wrote, "The events aren't accurate, the dates aren't accurate, the characters aren't accurate, the names aren't accurate, the clothes aren't accurate—in short, just about nothing is accurate. " [50] The belted plaid ( feileadh mór léine) was not introduced until the 16th century. [51] Peter Traquair has referred to Wallace's "farcical representation as a wild and hairy highlander painted with woad (1, 000 years too late) running amok in a tartan kilt (500 years too early). " [52] In fact, Wallace was a lowlander; thus, the mountains and glens of his home as depicted in the film are also inaccurate. Irish historian Seán Duffy remarked "the battle of Stirling Bridge could have done with a bridge. " [53] In 2009, the film was second on a list of "most historically inaccurate movies" in The Times. [5] In the humorous non-fictional historiography An Utterly Impartial History of Britain (2007), author John O'Farrell claims that Braveheart could not have been more historically inaccurate, even if a Plasticine dog had been inserted in the film and the title changed to " William Wallace and Gromit ". [54] In the DVD audio commentary of Braveheart, Mel Gibson acknowledges many of the historical inaccuracies but defends his choices as director, noting that the way events were portrayed in the film was much more "cinematically compelling" than the historical fact or conventional mythos. [5] Jus primae noctis [ edit] Edward Longshanks, King of England, is shown invoking Jus primae noctis, allowing the lord of a medieval estate to take the virginity of his serfs' maiden daughters on their wedding nights. Critical medieval scholarship regards this supposed right as a myth: "the simple reason why we are dealing with a myth here rests in the surprising fact that practically all writers who make any such claims have never been able or willing to cite any trustworthy source, if they have any. " [55] [56] Occupation and independence [ edit] The film suggests Scotland had been under English occupation for some time, at least during Wallace's childhood, and in the run-up to the Battle of Falkirk Wallace says to the younger Bruce, "[W]e'll have what none of us have ever had before, a country of our own. " In fact, Scotland had been invaded by England only the year before Wallace's rebellion; prior to the death of King Alexander III it had been a fully separate kingdom. [57] After Alexander III death in 1286 his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, succeeded to the throne of Scotland until her death in 1290 in Orkney. At one point, Wallace's uncle refers to a piper as “playing outlawed tunes on outlawed pipes. " Not only were bagpipes not outlawed at the time, they likely had not yet been introduced to Scotland. Further, the widely-held belief that bagpipes were banned by the Act of Proscription 1746 (400 years later), is erroneous. Bagpipes were never specifically outlawed in Scotland. Portrayal of William Wallace [ edit] As John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett writes, "Because [William] Wallace is one of Scotland's most important national heroes and because he lived in the very distant past, much that is believed about him is probably the stuff of legend. But there is a factual strand that historians agree to", summarized from Scots scholar Matt Ewart: Wallace was born into the gentry of Scotland; his father lived until he was 18, his mother until his 24th year; he killed the sheriff of Lanark when he was 27, apparently after the murder of his wife; he led a group of commoners against the English in a very successful battle at Stirling in 1297, temporarily receiving appointment as guardian; Wallace's reputation as a military leader was ruined in the same year of 1297, leading to his resignation as guardian; he spent several years of exile in France before being captured by the English at Glasgow, this resulting in his trial for treason and his cruel execution. [58] A. E. Christa Canitz writes about the historical William Wallace further: "[He] was a younger son of the Scottish gentry, usually accompanied by his own chaplain, well-educated, and eventually, having been appointed Guardian of the Kingdom of Scotland, engaged in diplomatic correspondence with the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck and Hamburg ". She finds that in Braveheart, "any hint of his descent from the lowland gentry (i. e., the lesser nobility) is erased, and he is presented as an economically and politically marginalized Highlander and 'a farmer'—as one with the common peasant, and with a strong spiritual connection to the land which he is destined to liberate. " [59] Colin McArthur writes that Braveheart "constructs Wallace as a kind of modern, nationalist guerrilla leader in a period half a millennium before the appearance of nationalism on the historical stage as a concept under which disparate classes and interests might be mobilised within a nation state. " Writing about Braveheart ' s "omissions of verified historical facts", McArthur notes that Wallace made "overtures to Edward I seeking less severe treatment after his defeat at Falkirk", as well as "the well-documented fact of Wallace's having resorted to conscription and his willingness to hang those who refused to serve. " [60] Canitz posits that depicting "such lack of class solidarity" as the conscriptions and related hangings "would contaminate the movie's image of Wallace as the morally irreproachable primus inter pares among his peasant fighters. " [59] Portrayal of Isabella of France [ edit] Isabella of France is shown having an affair with Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk. She later tells Edward I she is pregnant, implying that her son, Edward III, was a product of the affair. In reality, Isabella was around three years old and living in France at the time of the Battle of Falkirk, was not married to Edward II until he was already king, and Edward III was born seven years after Wallace died. [61] [5] Portrayal of Robert the Bruce [ edit] Robert the Bruce did change sides between the Scots loyalists and the English more than once in the earlier stages of the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he never betrayed Wallace directly, and he probably did not fight on the English side at the Battle of Falkirk (although this claim does appear in a few medieval sources). [62] Later, the Battle of Bannockburn was not a spontaneous battle; he had already been fighting a guerrilla campaign against the English for eight years. [63] His title before becoming king was Earl of Carrick, not Earl of Bruce. [64] Portrayal of Longshanks and Prince Edward [ edit] The actual Edward I was ruthless and temperamental, but the film exaggerates his negative aspects for effect. Edward enjoyed poetry and harp music, was a devoted and loving husband to his wife Eleanor of Castile, and as a religious man, he gave generously to charity. The film's scene where he scoffs cynically at Isabella for distributing gold to the poor after Wallace refuses it as a bribe would have been unlikely. Also, Edward died on campaign two years after Wallace's execution, not in bed at his home. [65] The depiction of the future Edward II as an effeminate homosexual drew accusations of homophobia against Gibson. We cut a scene out, unfortunately... where you really got to know that character [Edward II] and to understand his plight and his pain... But it just stopped the film in the first act so much that you thought, 'When's this story going to start? ' [66] [ better source needed] Gibson defended his depiction of Prince Edward as weak and ineffectual, saying: I'm just trying to respond to history. You can cite other examples— Alexander the Great, for example, who conquered the entire world, was also a homosexual. But this story isn't about Alexander the Great. It's about Edward II. [67] In response to Longshanks' murder of the Prince's male lover Phillip, Gibson replied: "The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay... He's terrible to his son, to everybody. " [68] Gibson asserted that the reason Longshanks kills his son's lover is because the king is a " psychopath ". [69] Gibson expressed bewilderment that some filmgoers would laugh at this murder. The real Sir Philip Mowbray was never murdered by Edward I. Edward I died in 1307, with Mowbray living past his death, until 1318. [70] [71] Wallace's military campaign [ edit] "MacGregors from the next glen" joining Wallace shortly after the action at Lanark is dubious, since it is questionable whether Clan Gregor existed at that stage, and when they did emerge their traditional home was Glen Orchy, some distance from Lanark. [72] Wallace did win an important victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge, but the version in Braveheart is highly inaccurate, as it was filmed without a bridge (and without Andrew Moray, joint commander of the Scots army, who was fatally injured in the battle). Later, Wallace did carry out a large-scale raid into the north of England, but he did not get as far south as York, nor did he kill Longshanks' nephew [73] (however, this was not as wide of the mark as Blind Harry, who has Wallace making it as far south as St. Albans, and only refraining from attacking London after the English queen came out to meet him). [46] Edward's nephew John of Brittany did take part in the Wars of Scottish Independence, but he was not killed, dying of natural causes. [74] The "Irish conscripts" at the Battle of Falkirk are also unhistorical; there were no Irish troops at Falkirk (although many of the English army were actually Welsh) [75] and it is anachronistic to refer to conscripts in the Middle Ages (although there were feudal levies). The two-handed long swords used by Gibson in the film were not in wide use in the period. A one-handed sword and shield would have been more accurate. [76] Accusations of Anglophobia [ edit] Sections of the English media accused the film of harboring Anglophobia. The Economist called it " xenophobic ", [77] and John Sutherland writing in The Guardian stated that: " Braveheart gave full rein to a toxic Anglophobia". [78] [79] [80] In The Times, Colin McArthur said "the political effects are truly pernicious. It's a xenophobic film. " [79] Ian Burrell of The Independent has noted, "The Braveheart phenomenon, a Hollywood-inspired rise in Scottish nationalism, has been linked to a rise in anti-English prejudice". [81] Home media [ edit] Braveheart was released on DVD on August 29, 2000. [82] It was released on Blu-ray as part of the Paramount Sapphire Series on September 1, 2009. [83] It was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray as part of the 4K upgrade of the Paramount Sapphire Series on May 15, 2018. [83] Sequel [ edit] On February 9, 2018, a sequel titled Robert the Bruce was announced. The film will lead directly on from Braveheart and follow the widow Moira, portrayed by Anna Hutchison, and her family (portrayed by Gabriel Bateman and Talitha Bateman), who save Robert the Bruce, with Angus Macfadyen reprising his role from Braveheart. The cast will also include Jared Harris, Patrick Fugit, Zach McGowan, Emma Kenney, Diarmaid Murtagh, Seoras Wallace, Shane Coffey, Kevin McNally, and Melora Walters. Richard Gray will direct the film, with Macfadyen and Eric Belgau writing the script. Helmer Gray, Macfadyen, Hutchison, Kim Barnard, Nick Farnell, Cameron Nuggent, and Andrew Curry will produce the film. [84] See also [ edit] Outlaw King; although not a sequel, it depicts events that occurred immediately after the events in Braveheart References [ edit] ^ "Braveheart (1995)". British Film Institute. Retrieved March 28, 2017. ^ a b c d "Braveheart (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ a b c THR Staff (April 18, 2017). "Mel Gibson Once Threw an Ashtray Through a Wall During 'Braveheart' Budget Talks". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 18, 2017. ^ "Braveheart (1995) - Misc Notes - ". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved May 11, 2019. ^ a b c d e f White, Caroline. "The 10 most historically inaccurate movies". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2013. ^ a b gaspare88 (February 7, 2018), Making Of Braveheart Behind The Scenes Documentary, retrieved October 26, 2018 ^ Nollen, Scott Allen (January 1, 1999). Robin Hood: A Cinematic History of the English Outlaw and His Scottish Counterparts. McFarland. ISBN 9780786406432. ^ Michael Fleming (July 25, 2005). "Mel tongue-ties studios". Daily Variety. ^ " Braveheart 10th Chance To Boost Tourism In Trim". Meath Chronicle. August 28, 2003. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2007. ^ Chris Probst (June 1, 1996). "Cinematic Transcendence". American Cinematographer. Los Angeles, California, United States: American Society of Cinematographers. 77 (6): 76. ISSN 0002-7928. ^ Classification and Rating Administration; Motion Picture Association of America. "Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA)". Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. ^ "Mel Gibson reveals secrets from behind the scenes of Braveheart".. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Levine, Nick (October 26, 2016). "Mel Gibson has a whole hour of unseen 'Braveheart' footage for an extended cut". NME. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ "The best – and worst – movie battle scenes". CNN. March 30, 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007. ^ "Braveheart". Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Braveheart, retrieved October 26, 2018 ^ Siskel, Gene. "`CRUMB' DIGS DEEP AS THE OSCARS COME UP EMPTY".. Retrieved October 26, 2018. ^ Schickel, Richard (May 29, 1995). "CINEMA: ANOTHER HIGHLAND FLING". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved October 26, 2018. ^ "FILM REVIEW -- Macho Mel Beats His Chest in Bloody `Braveheart ' ". SFGate. May 24, 1995. Retrieved October 26, 2018. ^ "Mel Gibson's "Braveheart" Voted Worst Oscar Winner". Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. ^ "Empire Award Past Winners - 1996".. Bauer Consumer Media. 2003. Retrieved September 16, 2011. ^ "Scotland a nation again for a night". The Herald. Glasgow. September 4, 1995. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ^ Zumkhawala-Cook, Richard (2008). Scotland as We Know It: Representations of National Identity in Literature, Film and Popular Culture. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7864-4031-3. ^ MacLellan, Rory; Smith, Ronnie (1998). Tourism in Scotland. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-86152-089-0. ^ Martin-Jones, David (2009). Scotland: Global Cinema – Genres, Modes, and Identities. Edinburgh University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7486-3391-3. ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners".. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2011. ^ " ' BRAVEHEART' CONQUERSGibson's epic wins Best PictureSarandon, Cage take acting honors. - Free Online Library".. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ "Oscars Avoids "Envelopegate" Repeat as 'The Shape of Water' Takes Home Best Picture Prize". Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ America, Good Morning. "Oscars 2019: 'Green Book' wins best picture". Good Morning America. Retrieved February 27, 2019. ^ WELKOS, ROBERT W. (March 19, 1996). "WGA Members Prize 'Sensibility' and 'Braveheart ' ". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved March 19, 2019. ^ "UPDATE: How "Toxic" Is IFTA's Best Indies? ". Deadline. Retrieved January 23, 2017. ^ AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ "HollywoodBowlBallot" (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ "Movies_Ballot_06" (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot" (PDF). Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ Boztas, Senay (July 31, 2005). "Wallace movie 'helped Scots get devolution' – [Sunday Herald]". Archived from the original on July 2, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2009. ^ "Wallace statue back at home of sculptor". The Courier. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2009. ^ Hal G. P. Colebatch (August 8, 2006). "The American Spectator". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 27, 2009. ^ Kevin Hurley (September 19, 2004). "They may take our lives but they won't take Freedom". Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved October 16, 2009. ^ "Wallace statue back with sculptor". BBC News. Retrieved October 16, 2009. ^ a b Anderson, Lin (2005). Braveheart: From Hollywood to Holyrood. Luath Press Ltd. p. 27. ^ a b Unmapping the Territory: Blind Hary's Wallace, Felicity Riddy's chapter in Edward Cowan's The Wallace Book (2007, ISBN 978-0-85976-652-4) ^ Ewan, Elizabeth (October 1995). "Braveheart". American Historical Review. 100 (4): 1219–21. doi: 10. 2307/2168219. ^ "Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers and Other Poems / Aytoun, W. (William Edmondstoune), 1813–1865". February 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ Krossa, Sharon L. (October 2, 2008). "Braveheart Errors: An Illustration of Scale". Archived from the original on October 9, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2009. ^ Krossa, Sharon L. (October 31, 2001). "Regarding the Film Braveheart". Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2009. ^ "A History of Scottish Kilts | Authentic Ireland Travel". Archived from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ Traquair, Peter (1998). Freedom's Sword. HarperCollins. p. 62 ^ "History Ireland". History Ireland. Retrieved January 30, 2016. ^ O'Farrell, John (2007). An Utterly Impartial History of Britain. New York City: Doubleday. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-385-61198-5. ^ Classen, Albrecht (2007). The medieval chastity belt: a myth-making process. London: Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 9781403975584. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. ^ "Urban legends website".. Retrieved June 20, 2013. ^ Traquair p. 15 ^ Shelton Lawrence, John; Jewett, Robert (2002). The Myth of the American Superhero. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. 163. ^ a b Canitz, A. Christa (2005). " ' Historians... Will Say I Am a liar': The Ideology of False Truth Claims in Mel Gibson's Braveheart and Luc Besson's The Messenger ". In Utz, Richard J. ; Swan, Jesse G. (eds. ). Studies in Medievalism XIII: Postmodern Medievalisms. Suffolk, United Kingdom: D. Brewer. pp. 127–142. ISBN 978-1-84384-012-1. ^ McArthur, Colin (1998). " Braveheart and the Scottish Aesthetic Dementia". In Barta, Tony (ed. Screening the Past: Film and the Representation of History. Praeger. pp. 167–187. ISBN 978-0-275-95402-4. ^ Ewan, Elizabeth (October 1995). The American Historical Review. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2307/2168219. ISSN 0002-8762. OCLC 01830326. ^ Penman, Michael Robert the Bruce: King of the Scots pp. 58-59 ^ Traquair pp. 128-176 ^ Traquair p. 58 ^ Traquair p. 147 ^ Della Cava, Marco R. (May 24, 1995). "Gibson has faith in family and freedom". USA Today. ^ Stein, Ruth (May 21, 1995). "Mel Gibson Dons Kilt and Directs". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "Gay Alliance has Gibson's 'Braveheart' in its sights", Daily News, May 11, 1995, archived from the original on June 4, 2011, retrieved February 13, 2010 ^ Matt Zoller Seitz (May 25, 1995). "Icon: Mel Gibson talks about Braveheart, movie stardom, and media treachery". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2013. ^ "Philip Mowbray", The Battle of Bannockburn ^ Braveheart: The 10 historical inaccuracies you need to know before watching the movie ^ Way, George & Squire, Romily (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. pp. 220–221. ^ Traquair pp. 77-79 ^ Jones, Michael (2004). "Brittany, John of, earl of Richmond (1266? –1334)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1093/ref:odnb/53083. ^ Traquair pp. 81-84 ^ Matt, Easton. "Two-handed swords in Ironclad, Braveheart, Robin Hood & Kingdom of Heaven". YouTube. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ "". May 18, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2009. ^ "John Sutherland". The Guardian. London. August 11, 2003. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2010. ^ a b " Braveheart battle cry is now but a whisper". Times Online. July 24, 2005. Retrieved February 27, 2009. ^ Colin, McArthur (2003). Brigadoon, Braveheart and the Scots: Distortions of Scotland in Hollywood Cinema. I. Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-86064-927-1. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. ^ Burrell, Ian (February 8, 1999). "Most race attack victims `are white': The English Exiles – News". The Independent. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2009. ^ Various (August 29, 2000), Braveheart, Warner Bros., retrieved May 15, 2018 ^ a b "Braveheart DVD Release Date". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved May 15, 2018. ^ Busch, Anita (February 9, 2018). "Angus Macfadyen-Led Action Drama 'Robert The Bruce' Drafts Jared Harris, Patrick Fugit & Others". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 11, 2018. External links [ edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Braveheart. Braveheart on IMDb Braveheart at AllMovie Braveheart at Rotten Tomatoes Braveheart at Box Office Mojo Braveheart at Metacritic Roger Ebert's review of Braveheart.

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Correspondent: Manoj Kumar Channan
Resume: Veteran, Defense & Strategy Technology Aviation, Land systems and Naval Systems

 

 

 

mkv Ne Zha zhi mo tong jiang shi Movie

❂ ⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂⦂

❂ ♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲♲

 

  1. Coauthor - Monde en Question
  2. Info: Cinéphile et passionné d'astrophysique

Creators=Yu Yang; Countries=China; Fantasy; Actor=Yanting Lü, Mo Han; 1Hour 50 Minutes; directed by=Yu Yang. Demon pill? What a strange translation. I feel demon orb might be better? Any comments. Just watched. Compared to the old version, this one is not so deep, rebellious and heart wrenching, but technique wise, it's an amazing 3D movie. The story is decent and touching. Highly recommend. I speak very little Chinese, but I saw this film with my girlfriend (native speaker) at the cinema. She helped me understand plot points and certain dialogue that I was struggling with. This film is a great step in the right direction for the Chinese 3D animation industry, but in no way is it worthy of a 10/10. This film falls drastically short of the high bar set by films like those from Pixar.
The good:
-The landscapes and effects are bright and beautiful
-The voice acting is solid
-Some of the humor works even despite the language barrier
The bad:
-Most of the characters look like they're from different movies. The juxtaposition between young/transformed Nezha, his parents, the bad guy and the villagers just feels off. This film would benefit from more consistent character design.
-Some of the jokes are based more on Chinese meme culture, and as all of us know in the west, using memes in films is lazy pandering and sure to age very poorly.
-There are some emotional cliches regarding sacrifice and character reactions to events in the film. These things have been done a million times before and they are not exceptional here at the least.

All in all, I thought the film was decent. It was fun and looked a lot better than most 3D animation in China. But oh man are people riding the hype train on this one! It's really not a perfect or even great movie, but it is a step in the right direction. Hopefully Chinese films in the future will build off of this and produce films that are worthy of being called true classics, Chinese or worldwide.

 

Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie page

多伦多能不能方便上映一下呀!. 妖和仙之间的差别 只是看他能不能参悟 只有救人才是仙 但为了成仙去救人 照样是妖. And then the fire nation attacked. This actually looks great. China coming up fools, was destined to happen. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie. Naazaa zi motung gongsai. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movies.

Karna (fate apocryphal. Asura(Asura's wrath. Nezha It can't be only me thinking this😑. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie database. I'm going to see it in IMAX 3D! I haven't been in IMAX 3D in almost 10 years. The only IMAX 3D movie I ever did saw was Tron Legacy. And ever since then, I haven't went and/or see another IMAX 3D movie after that. 鬼才导演这样的作品,台词太矫情.

นาจาโหดขนาดนี้ หงอคง ยิ่งโหด. This video brock my heart😩😩. 我问 美国洛杉矶 拉斯维加斯什么时候上映啊 我等晕了 各位大神. 加拿大的来报到,回去看了两遍,赶快来加拿大放映,我一定二刷三刷支持!. Watched it. It is awesome. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie reviews. Just finished watching the movie and I really love it! 💙💙I didnt expect that much but its really worth to watch. The moral of the story also a great one👍. 太好看了太好看了!不看真的是损失,真的!又好笑 又感动!特效画面都很棒!. Houdini animation for sure. 猴子最著名是什么,如意金箍棒,七十二变,跟斗云,哪吒最著名是什么,火尖枪,乾坤圈,,混天绫,三头六臂. 超级好看!!!敖丙我喜欢你!!!!哪吒冲啊!!加油加油!. Maybe a cool movie but the trailer showed soooooo fing much.

 

Wolla cest stylé. #哪吒之魔童降世 #上映第四天1. 86亿,累计9.02亿. Power song woooooooow 😦😃👏👏👏👏👏. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie page imdb. Naazaa zi motung gongsai movie maker. 太乙真人的川普了解一下😂😂. FELLING THAT EXCITING FEELING AGAIN.

 

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//

Cuestionario Derecho Internacional Público

 

     UNIVERSIDAD BOLIVARIANA

            ESCUELA DE DERECHO

DERECHO INTERNACIONAL PÚBLICO

 

 

CUESTIONARIO PARA EXAMEN

 

 

1.- ¿Cuáles son las características de la Comunidad Internacional?

 

  • a) Presencia de Sujetos de Derecho:
  • a. Estados
  • b. Santa sede
  • c. Organizaciones internacionales
  • d. Grupos insurrectos reconocidos como beligerantes

 

  • b) Estructura Paritaria: (no hay subordinación entre estados)
  • a. Principio de Igualdad de los estados ante el D.I.P.
  • b. Independencia
  • c. Deber de no intervenir en los asuntos de otros estados (ONU.)

 

  • c) Números de Sujetos Reducidos:
  • d) Ámbito Universal
  • e) Inorgánico (no existen órganos de carácter estable y permanente. Ej.: P. Ejecutivo, P. Legislativo, P. Judicial)
  • f) Descentralizado
  • g) Composición Interestatal
  • h) Carencia de Instituciones
  • i) Insuficiente la sanción de las violaciones
  • j) No existe un poder legislativo (la asamblea general adopta resoluciones no obligatorias.)

 

 

2.- ¿Qué regula el Derecho Internacional Público?

 

R: Regula las relaciones de la comunidad internacional.

 

 

3.- ¿Quién ejerce la función legislativa en el plano interno?

 

R: El congreso de cada estado y su poder legislativo.

 

 

4.-  ¿Quién o quienes cumplen en el plano internacional la función legislativa?

 

R: Los estados, a través de la asamblea internacional.

 

5.- ¿Quién cumple en el plano internacional la función judicial?

 

R:  Los estados, cuando surge una controversia, ésta se soluciona por medios pacíficos y por medios diplomáticos.

 

 

6.- ¿Cuál es el concepto de Derecho Internacional Público?

 

R: El Dº Internacional Publico es el conjunto de reglas y principios jurídicos que regulan las relaciones entre estados.

 

 

7.- ¿ Cuales son los sujetos de Derecho Internacional?

 

R:

  • Los estados
  • La Santa Sede
  • Los Organismo Internacionales
  • Los Grupos Insurrectos reconocidos

 

 

8.- ¿Cuáles son las Nº del Dº Internacional Público?

 

  • Normas Comunes o Generales
  • Normas Particulares
  • Normas Dispositivas
  • Normas Imperativas

 

 

9.- ¿Cuáles son las Normas Comunes o Generales?

 

R:  La costumbre general, esta obliga a todos los estados.

 

 

10.- ¿Cuáles son las normas particulares?

 

R:  Son aquellas que obligan solo a un grupo de estados.  Ej: Los tratados locales o regionales.

 

 

11.- ¿Cuáles son las normas dispositivas?

 

R: Son normas Jurídicas obligatorias, admiten acuerdo en contrario.  Ej.: Dos estados convienen una renuncia bilateral a la inmunidad de jurisdicción.

 

 

12.- ¿Cuáles son las normas imperativas o de Ius Cogens?

 

R:  Son normas jurídicas obligatorias, que NO admiten acuerdo en contrario (todo acuerdo en contrario es nulo) Ej.: La norma sobre la esclavitud.

 

 

13.- ¿Cuáles son las fuentes del Dº Internacional?

a) Convenciones Internacionales o Tratados

b) La costumbre

c) Los Principios Generales del Dº, reconocido por las naciones civilizadas.

d) Las Decisiones Jurídicas y la doctrina.

 

 

14.- ¿Qué son las Fuentes del Derecho Internacional?

 

R: Están constituidas por los procedimientos, medios o actos a través de los cuales se crean, modifican o extinguen las normas de Derecho Internacional Público.

 

 

15.- ¿Qué son los tratados?

 

R: Se entiende por tratado un acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre estados y regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste en un instrumento único o en dos o mas instrumentos.

 

 

16.- ¿Qué tipos de clasificaciones de tratados existen?

 

  • a) Intrínseca (clasificación formal)
  • b) Funcional (tratado ley, tratado contrato)

 

 

17.- ¿Cuál es la clasificación formal de los tratados?

 

R: La clasificación formal es aquella en que se clasifican por:

 

Atendiendo su numero de partes

                        a) Bilaterales (2 partes)

                        b) Multilaterales o colectivos (mas de 2 partes)

 

Atendida la calidad de las partes

  • a) Entre estados
  • b) Entre estados y organizaciones internacionales
  • c) Entre organizaciones internacionales

 

 

 

Atendida la circunstancia de permitir o no la corporación de otros estados a la convención.

  • a) Tratados Abiertos: Se permite la incorporación de otros estados a la convención.

 

Abiertos Universales: Cualquier estado.

 

Abiertos Restringidos: Solo los estados que se acuerden en las condiciones previstas en ellos.

                       

  • b) Tratados Cerrados: No admiten la incorporación de nuevos estados.

 

Atendiendo a la complejidad del procedimiento para celebrar.

  • a) Tratados Tradicionales, formales o solemnes
  • b) Tratados o acuerdos en forma simplificada

 

 

 

18.- ¿Cuál es la representación de un Estado?

 

R: La que establezca la Constitución de cada país, que indicará cuales son las autoridades investidas de Facultades para negociar y obligar a un estado por un tratado.

 

 

19.- Quienes tienen capacidad para celebrar un tratado?

 

a) Los Estados Soberanos (Todo estado tiene Capacidad)

b) Las organizaciones internacionales

c) La Santa Sede

d) Los grupos insurgentes.

 

 

20.- ¿Qué es la reserva en un tratado?

 

R: Es la declaración unilateral, hecha por un estado al firmar, ratificar, aceptar o aprobar un tratado, con el objeto de excluir o modificar los efectos jurídicos de ciertas disposiciones del tratado en su aplicación.

 

 

21.- ¿Cuáles son las etapas de la reserva?

a) La firma

b) Ratificación

c) Adhesión o aceptación

 

 

22.- ¿En que caso no procede la reserva? ¿Cuál es la excepción de la reserva?

a) Que la reserva esté prohibida por el tratado.

b) Que el tratado disponga que únicamente pueden hacerse determinadas reservas, entre las cuales no figure la reserva de que se trate.

c) Que en los casos no previstos en los apartados a y b, la reserva sea incompatible con el objeto y el fin del tratado.

 

 

23.- ¿Cómo se aplican los tratados?

 

R: La regla general dice que los tratados producen sus efectos una vez entrados en vigencia, salvo que las partes pacten lo contrario.

 

 

24.- ¿Cual es el ámbito territorial de los tratados?

 

R: Los tratados serán obligatorios para cada una de las partes, por lo que respecta a la totalidad de su territorio.

 

 

25.- ¿Cuál es el alcance de la Jurisdicción Voluntaria?

 

R: La Jurisdicción es voluntaria, por la razón que ambas partes o estados deben estar de acuerdo en someter el asunto en controversia al tribunal constitucional.

 

 

26.- ¿Cuál es el alcance del Ius Cogens y efecto que se produce en un tratado cuando es vulnerado?

 

R: La Ius Cogens,  son las normas que tienen mayor relevancia en el Derecho Internacional, son normas imperativas, vale decir, normas obligatorias para todos  los estados partes, de tal manera que no admiten acuerdo en contrario o normas en contra.

     Se sanciona con la nulidad cuando esta en contra de una norma de Ius Cogens, por ser un ilícito, es decir, nulidad de un tratado o la terminación del tratado.

 

 

27.- ¿Cuál es el concepto de ratificación y adhesión de un tratado? Diga las diferencias entre uno y otro.

 

  • a) Ratificación: Es el acto por el cual el Jefe de estado hace constar en el ámbito internacional, su consentimiento o voluntad que ha manifestado en obligar al estado por el tratado.
  • b) Adhesión: Es el acto por el cual el Jefe de estado manifiesta su consentimiento de obligar al estado en un tratado que ya ha sido suscrito por otros estados y en el que su estado no ha participado.

 

 

 

Diferencias entre Ratificación y Adhesión:

 

Ratificación:

Corresponde a la segunda etapa de la formación de un tratado suscrito entre los estados partes.

                                  

Corresponde a una de las formas de consentimiento de obligarse por un tratado.

           

            Adhesión:                  

Otra forma de manifestar el consentimiento de obligarse por un tratado, del cual no es parte y que ha participado de este.

 

 

28.- ¿Qué es el Control de Constitucionalidad de los tratados? y ¿cual es su mecanismo?

 

  • a) Mecanismo de control anterior al tratado:

En Chile, el presidente de la república envía un mensaje al congreso con el fin de que la cámara de diputados y el senado, proceda a aprobar o rechazar el tratado como también sugerir reservas.   El congreso, si tiene dudas respecto de la constitucionalidad de alguno de sus artículos, envía el tratado al Tribunal Constitucional (control preventivo), si el tribunal constitucional lo acepta, lo devuelve al congreso y éste lo envía al presidente para su sanción y promulgación. (Art. 93 Nª 1 C.P.R.)

 

  • b) Mecanismo Posterior:

A través del recurso de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad, el cual es presentado en el Tribunal Constitucional. (Art. 93 Nº 6 C.P.R.)

 

 

29.- Nombre 3 causales de terminación de un tratado.

 

  • a) Cuando el propio tratado fije la terminación o el plazo.
  • b) La facultad que tiene los estados partes para desistirse del tratado.
  • c) Por incumplimiento del tratado
  • d) Por acuerdo entre partes.

 

 

30.- Elementos del Estado. (comente brevemente)

 

  • a) Territorio: Lugar donde se ejerce la soberanía de un estado y donde reside el grupo humano.
  • b) Población: Es el grupo humano que conforma el estado, sin el cual el estado no puede existir.
  • c) Gobierno: Es la autoridad que tiene soberanía para restringir las acciones de sus habitantes.
  • d) Soberanía externa e interna: Es la capacidad que tiene un estado de organizar e internamente a través de la constitución y externamente, siendo parte el estado de tratados internacionales, sin la intervención de ningún otra estado.

 

Cuestionario Derecho Economico III

 

UNIVERSIDAD BOLIVARIANA

    ESCUELA DE DERECHO

  DERECHO ECONÓMICO III

 

CUESTIONARIO EXAMEN DERECHO ECONÓMICO

 

¿Que es el Encaje Bancario?

Es una obligación que se impone a las instituciones financieras y consiste en mantener una parte de sus fondos en caja o en depósitos a la vista en el Banco Central.

 

¿Cuál es la Importancia del Encaje?

Es un elemento para controlar la política monetaria y crediticia.

 

De acuerdo al art. 34 de la ley del Banco Central es la autoridad la que fija las tasa de encaje (40% de operaciones a la vista y 20% para otras operaciones (operaciones a plazo), estos son los máximos legales).

 

La tasa de encaje está determinada por los depósitos a la vista y por los depósitos a plazo:

 

¿Qué son los Depositos a plazo?

Depósitos u Obligaciones a Plazo : son aquellos que pueden ser legalmente requeridos en un plazo igual o superior a 30 días.

 

¿Qué son los Depositos a la vista?

Depósitos u Obligaciones a la Vista : son aquellos que pueden ser legalmente requeridos en un plazo inferior a 30 días.

 

¿Qué es un Banco?

Es toda S.A. especial que autorizado por la ley se dedique a captar fondos y recibir dinero del público con el objetivo de darlos en préstamo, realizar inversiones y toda clase de operaciones que la ley permita.

 

¿Porqué el banco es una sociedad anonima especial?

 

1.-  Porque dispone de una normativa o legislación especial

2.- Establece requisitos especiales para sus socios fundadores de solvencia e integridad

3.-  La razón social del banco no lleva incorporada la versión S.A.

4.- Disponen las empresas bancarias de una entidad superior especial que las fiscaliza, que seria la Superintendencia de bancos e instituciones financieras.

5.- Se exige un capital minimo de 800.000 UF, para constituirse, monto que ninguna S.A. normal o corriente exige.

 

¿Cuáles son los tipos de Banco?

Existen tipos de banco según el origen del capital

a) Bancos Públicos: El Capital es aportado por el Estado.

b) Bancos Privados: El Capital es aportado por accionistas particulares.

c) Bancos Mixtos: Su Capital se forma con aportes privados y oficiales.

 

 

¿Qué significa que el Banco Central es el Banco de Bancos?

El banco Central es el banco de bancos, en razón de que debe velar por la estabilidad del sistema financiero.

 

¿Qué es una Sociedad Filial?

Es sociedad filial de una Sociedad Anónima (que se denomina matriz), aquella en la que la Sociedad Anónima(Matriz), controla directamente o a través de otra persona natural o jurídica mas del 50% del capital con derecho a voto o del capital, si no se tratare de una sociedad por acciones o pueda elegir o designar o hacer elegir o designar a la mayoria de sus directores o administradores.

 

¿Qué es una Sociedad Coligada?

Es sociedad coligada con una sociedad anónima, aquella en la que la Sociedad Anónima, que se denomina coligante, sin controlarla, posee directamente o a través de otra personal natural o jurídica el 10% o más de su capital con derecho a voto o del capital, si no se tratare de una sociedad por acciones, o pueda elegir o designar por lo menos un miembro del directorio o de la administración de la misma.

 

¿Qué es una Sociedad en Comandita?

 

¿Qué diferencia hay entre apoyo bancario y sociedad filial? Ej:

 

¿Qué es el Recurso de Protección?

Es una acción constitucional que permite al titular o persona que como consecuencia de actos u omisiones arbitrarias o ilegales sufra una privación, perturbación o amenaza en él legitimo derecho y garantías constitucionales, conoce la corte de apelaciones.

 

¿Qué es el Amparo Económico?

Se trata de una acción cautelar, establecida por ley, que tiene por objeto el amparo de derecho a ejercer actividades económicas del art. 19 N°21, de la Constitución, como resguardar el cumplimiento de la prohibición que afecta al fisco, en orden a realizar actividades empresariales.

 

 

¿Qué es la politica monetaria?

Es un conjunto de acciones del estado, tendientes a regular la cantidad de dinero existente en un mercado, tanto en moneda nacional como extranjera.

 

¿Cuáles son las herramientas de la Política Monetaria?

  • a) La tasa de Interes
  • b) La tasa de encaje bancario
  • c) La institución del descuento y redescuento

 

¿Cuáles son las funciones del Banco Central

  • a) Emitir Billetes y acuñar monedas.
  • b) Regular la cantidad de dinero en circulación y de créditos
  • c) Regulación del Sistema Financiero y del mercado de capitales.
  • d) Facultades para cautelar la estabilidad del sistema financiero.
  • e) Funciones del Banco, como agente Fiscal.
  • f) Atribuciones en materia internacional
  • g) Faculatades en materia de operaciones de cambios internacionales.

 

 

¿Cuáles son las Autoridades del Banco Central?

La autoridad maxima del Banco Central es el Consejo, que tiene a su cargo la dirección y administración del Banco, esta compuesto por :

  • (5) cinco miembros  designados por el Presidente de la República previo acuerdo del Senado.
  • Duraran en su cargo (10) diez años, pudiendo ser reelegidos.
  • Se van renovando uno cada dos años.
  • El Presidente del Consejo, que es el Presidente del Banco, es elegido por el Presidente de la República, de entre los miembros del consejo por un periodo de (5) cinco años.
  • El Vicepresidente es elegido por el mismo consejo y durará en su cargo el tiempo que éste le señale.
  • Tanto el Presidente como el Vicepresidente pueden ser reelegidos.

 

¿Quién designa a las Autoridades del Banco Central?

El Presidente de la República previo acuerdo del Senado.

 

¿Cuáles son las facultades en materias internacionales del Banco Central?

 

a- Puede representar a Chile en organismos financieros internacionales o extranjeros y operar con ellos.

b- Aplicar tratados internacionales en las que el Banco Central sea parte o que hayan sido celebrados por el gobierno y que digan relación con el objeto y/o finalidad del banco central

c- Contratar en el exterior toda clase de créditos mediante líneas de créditos, prestamos o a cualquier otro titulo.

d- Emitir títulos y colocarlos en el extranjero

e- Puede conceder créditos a gobiernos o bancos centrales extranjeros o a entidades internacionales extranjeras siempre que ello este dentro de las finalidades o del objeto del banco Central

f.- Recibir depósitos o abrir cuentas corrientes en moneda nacional o extranjera, de Bancos Centrales o entidades bancarias o financieras extranjeras o internacionales y de estados extranjeros.

 

¿Quién fija el tipo de Cambio?

 

1º.- Tipo de Cambio Fijo : es la autoridad la que fija el tipo de cambio, estableciendo una relación fija entre el valor de la moneda nacional y la moneda extranjera, comprometiéndose a vender o comprar toda la moneda extranjera que requieran los particulares para realizar transacciones extranjeras, es el tipo de cambio ideal para el comercio exterior , pero produce inflación.

 

2º.- Tipo de Cambio Libre, Flotante o Fluctuante : es el que se determina libremente por la interacción de la oferta y la demanda de divisas.

 

 

 

 

¿Qué es el Fondo Mutuo?

Se traduce en un capital aportado por PARTICIPES y administrados por una Sociedad Administradora, la que invertirá este patrimonio en valores, tanto en chile como en el extranjero.

 

Los Fondos Mutuos, se define por un patrimonio aportado, tanto por personas naturales o jurídicas, para su inversión en valores de oferta pública (valores que se transan en la bolsa de comercio), en sociedades administradoras tanto en chile como en el extranjero.

 

¿Qué es el Banco Central?

Es un organismo autónomo, con patrimonio propio, de carácter técnico, denominado banco central, cuya composición, organización, funciones y atribuciones determinara una ley organica constitucional

 

¿Cuáles son las limitaciones de los consejeros del Banco Central?

Respecto a los consejeros puede haber inhabilidades o incompatibilidades:

 

1- No pueden votar en acuerdos que incidan en operaciones o negocios en que tengan interés, su cónyuge u otros parientes, salvo que se trate de acuerdos que produzcan efectos generales

 

2- El puesto de consejero es incompatible con cualquier cargo sea o no remunerado del sector privado

 

3- Es incompatible con cualquier cargo público remunerado con fondos fiscales o municipales, o empresas públicas de otra naturaleza

 

4- No puede participar en empresas bancarias, o en sociedades financieras salvo que su participación no sea superior al 1 %

 

5- Los miembros al asumir deben hacer declaración jurada de bienes y renunciar a los que son incompatibles

 

También puede participar con derecho a voz en el consejo el Ministro de Hacienda, pero no tiene ingerencia en las decisiones que el consejo tome.

 

 

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre Mutuo Hipotecario y Letra Hipotecaria?

El Mutuo Hipotecario es:

  • a) Una forma que tiene el banco de financiar.
  • b) Es el dinero del banco
  • c) No se transa en la bolsa de comercio
  • d) La tasa de interés es fija.

La Letra Hipotecaria es:

  • a) Dinero de Terceros.
  • b) Si se transa en la Bolsa de Comercio
  • c) La tasa de interés en esencia es variable.

 

 

 

 

¿De que se trata traer dólares a chile?

 

 

¿Cuáles son las operaciones de los Bancos?

  • a) Recibir depósitos y celebrar contratos de cuenta corriente bancaria.
  • b) Emitir bonos o devén tures sin garantía especial
  • c) Hacer prestamos con o sin garantías
  • d) Emitir letras de créditos
  • e) Efectuar cobranzas, pagos y transferencias de fondos
  • f) Emitir cartas de crédito. Etc.

 

¿Qué es el Giro Bancario?

Es la captación y colocación (giro - deposito)

 

 

¿Qué es el Redescuento?

Es el descuento de un documento que hace el Banco Central a un banco comercial, el cual ya lo había descontado antes a un particular, mientras mas se hagan hay mas circulante.

 

¿Cuál es la clasificación de los bancos?

Los Bancos se pueden clasificar según:

  • a) Su gestión y solvencia. (Categoría de 1 a 5 y niveles a, b, c.)

a1.- Categoría 1: incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel A de solvencia y nivel A de gestión.

a2.- Categoría 2: incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel A de solvencia y nivel B de gestión.

                          incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel B de solvencia y nivel C de gestión.

                          incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel B de solvencia y nivel B de gestión.

a3.- Categoría 3: incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel B de solvencia y por dos o mas veces consecutivas en nivel B de gestión.

                          incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel A de solvencia y nivel C de gestión.

                          incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel B de solvencia y nivel C de gestión.

a4.- Categoría 4: incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel A o B de solvencia y por dos o mas veces consecutivas en nivel C de gestión.

a5.- Categoría 5: incluye  las instit. clasif. en nivel C de solvencia y  cualquiera sea su nivel de gestión.

 

  • b) Su origen del capital

B1. Bancos Publicos: el capital es aportado por el estado

B2. Bancos Privados: el capital es aportado por accionistas particulares.

B3. Bancos Mixtos: su capital se forma con aportes privados y oficiales

 

¿Qué es el Recurso de Inaplicabilidad por Inconstitucionalidad?

 

¿Qué es la Garantia Estatal?

La garantía Estatal, consiste en que el estado garantiza a las personas naturales por la cantidad de dinero proveniente de depósitos y captaciones a plazo, mediante cuentas de ahorro o documentos nominativos o a la orden, hasta un 90%, con un tope anual de 120 UF.

 

 

¿Cuál es el límite de la garantía estatal?

90% del dinero con un tope de 120 UF

 

¿Qué es el descuento?

 

 

¿Porqué un banco es una sociedad anónima especial?

  • a) Porque dispone de una normativa o legislación especial (ley Gral. de bancos).
  • b) Establece requisitos especiales para sus socios fundadores de solvencia e integridad.
  • c) La razón social del banco no lleva incorporada la versión S.A.
  • d) Disponen las empresas bancarias de una entidad superior especial que las fiscaliza, que seria la Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras.
  • e) Se exige un capital mínimo de 800.000 UF para constituirse, monto que ninguna S.A. normal o corriente exige.

 

¿Cuál es el plazo de rescate de los participes en los fondos mutuos?

Los participes  podrán en cualquier momento, rescatar total o parcialmente sus cuotas del fondo,

El rescate se traduce que las cuotas se transforman en dinero en efectivo, que se entrega al participe, dentro de los 10 días siguientes de presentada la solicitud de rescate.

 

¿Qué es el Principio de Subsidiaridad en materia Económica?

El estado reconoce a los grupos intermedios a través de los cuales se organiza la sociedad.  Y les garantiza la autonomía para cumplir sus propios fines específicos.

El estado asegura a los agentes económicos un ámbito en el cual van a desarrollar libremente sus actividades económicas y el solo intervendrá cuando los privados no puedan desarrollarlas.

 

¿Cómo se puede destituir a un consejero del Banco Central?

El presidente previo acuerdo del Senado, por causa justificada puede remover a los consejeros, este no puede ser reelegido por 10 años.

 

¿Qué es el prestamo de emergencia?

Art. 36. Conceder a empresas bancarias y sociedades financieras créditos de urgencia por un plazo no superior a 90 días, cuando presenten problemas de liquides, para renovar estos créditos se requiere acuerdo del consejo previo informe de la Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras, el banco central puede adquirir documentos de colocaciones o inversiones de dichas entidades.

 

¿Cuáles son los Limites que la constitución establece al Banco Central?

1.- Solo puede efectuar operaciones con Inst. finacieras

2.- No puede recibir documentos del estado

3.- Ningún gasto público puede financiarse con créditos del Banco Central

     Excepción, en caso de guerra exterior o peligro de ella

4.- La no discriminación en relación a personas, instituciones o entidades por parte del banco central.

 

¿Cuáles son las operaciones  de los Bancos?

  • a) Captar fondos del público con el objeto de darlos en prestamo.
  • b) Descontar documentos
  • c) Realizar inversiones
  • d) Proceder a la intermediación financiera
  • e) En general toda otra operación que la ley permita.

 

¿Qué es el Depósito?

Consiste en la entrega de dinero al banco, este puede ser:

  • a) a la vista: aquel que da derecho al depositante a exigir la restitución de la suma depositada en cualquier momento.
  • b) A plazo: da derecho para restituir la suma depositada mas los reajustes sujetos a un plazo determinado. (plazo para la devolución 30 dias o mas)
  • c) De Ahorro: Pueden ser a la vista o a plazo. Se genera un interés, el depositante esta sujeto a un número de giros y montos limitados.

 

 

¿Qué es la Cuenta Corriente?

 

Es un contrato por el cual un banco se obliga a cumplir las ordenes de pago de otra persona por el dinero que hubiese depositado en ella o el crédito que se haya estipulado.

 

¿Cuáles son las obligaciones del Banco con el Cuenta Correntista?

  • a) Pagar los cheques a su representación
  • b) Registrar los depósitos que efectué
  • c) Informar los saldos y movimientos en su cuenta corriente.
  • d) Entregar gratuitamente el talonario de cheques.

 

¿Cuáles son las obligaciones de los Cuenta Correntistas?

  • a) Proveer de fondos a la Cuenta Corriente.
  • b) Emitir Cheques
  • c) Revisar información que el Banco entregue
  • d) Dar ordenes de no pago en los casos previstos por ley.

 

¿Qué es el Factoring?

Negocio de carácter financiero que permite a una empresa obtener liquidez a cambio de sus cuentas por cobrar.

 

¿Qué es la Tarjeta de Crédito?

Tarjeta u otro documento destinado a ser utilizado en la adquisición de bienes o servicios suministrados por establecimientos de comercio afiliados al sistema y pagados mediante crédito otorgado por el emisor de la tarjeta al titular.

 

¿Qué es el Secreto Bancario?

Es la obligación de los bancos de no dar información respecto a los depósitos y las captaciones, sino a quien es el titular, a quien haya sido expresamente facultado para ello y al representante legal y adicionalmente a la justicia.

 

 

¿Qué es la reserva Bancaria?

Es la obligación de los bancos de mantener reserva de la información,( que no sea captación o depósito) estas sólo pueden ser dadas a conocer además de las personas mencionadas en el secreto bancario, a cualquier persona que demuestre tener un interés legítimo y siempre que éste conocimiento, en forma previsible, no presente un daño patrimonial para el cliente (por ej. un acreedor)

¿Cuáles son las diferencias entre el Secreto y la Reserva Bancaria :

 

1º.- La violación del secreto bancario genera un ilícito penal y la reserva genera un ilícito civil (responsabilidad por los perjuicios)

 

2º.- La reserva es factible darla a conocer a más personas que el secreto bancario.

 

 

¿Qué es la Superintendencia de bancos e instituciones financieras?

Es una institución autonoma, con personalidad jurídica que se relaciona con el gobierno a través del ministerio de hacienda, y cumple la función de fiscalizar al banco esta, empresas bancarias, instituciones financieras, empresas de tarjetas de créditos.

El superintendente es el jefe superior, nombrado por el Presidente de la República,

 

¿Cómo nace un banco?

 

¿Qué es el Derecho Económico?

Es el conjunto de normas y principios jurídicos que regulan la actividad económica de los agentes privados y del estado.

 

¿Qué es el mercado de valores?

El mercado de valores, comprende a todos aquellos instrumentos representativos en dinero que pueden ser transados en el mercado de valores y que se definen en la Ley de Mercado de Valores.

 

¿Cuáles son las características del mercado de valores?

  • a) Tipicidad de los Negocios: Da forma a un número importante de negocios que más haya de las formas tradicionales de negocios configurados por nuestra legislación.
  • b) Formación objetiva de los negocios: Fija reglas igualitarias de comercialización.
  • c) Ausencia física del objeto negociado: no es necesario que el objeto deba ponerse a disposición.
  • d) No hay contrato entre compradores y vendedores: lo que hay una sección de títulos.
  • e) Esencial Técnica de contratación: Hay un mercado que actúa como intermediario, no hay negociación directa entre oferente y demandante.

 

¿Qué es la Oferta Pública de Valores?

Es aquella dirigida al público en general o a ciertos grupos especificos, esta es para proteger al accionista minoritario.

 

¿Qué es la Administradora de Fondos Mutuos?

 

¿Qué es un consumidor?

 

¿Qué es un Proveedor?

 

¿Cuáles son los deberes y derechos del consumidor?

 

¿Cuáles son las obligaciones del proveedor?

 

¿Qué es la Publicidad?

 

¿Qué es la promoción y la Oferta?

 

¿Qué son los contratos de Adhesión?

 

¿Cuáles son las características de los contratos?

 

¿Que son las cláusulas abusivas?

 

¿Qué tipos de Garantias conoce?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  • h) Regular la cantidad de dinero en circulación y de créditos

1.- Puede abrir líneas de crédito a bancos e instituciones financieras.

2.- Descontar o Redescontar documentos negociables en moneda nacional o extranjera, a las empresas bancarias o sociedades financieras.

3.- Fijar las tasas de encaje que, en proporción a sus depósitos y obligaciones, deban mantener esas entidades y las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito. (Importante)

4.- Ceder documentos de su cartera de colocaciones o de inversiones a bancos y financieras y adquirir de las mismas, documentos de sus carteras de colocaciones o de inversiones, y finalmente realizar operaciones de mercado abierto.

5.-  Recibir y efectuar depositos en moneda nacional o extranjera de o en las empresas bancarias y sociedades financieras.

6.- Ceder documentos de su cartera de colocaciones o de inversiones a las instituciones financieras y adquirir documentos de estas.

7.- Emitir titulos y colocarlos y adquirirlos en el mercado.

8.- Fijar las tasas de interés, comisiones, sistema de reajuste y demas condiciones aplicables a las operaciones que efectue el banco.

 

 

 

Bienvenido

Bienvenido

Al comenzar esta nueva etapa

me es grato saludar a todos ustedes

y deseo que este año,

puedan cumplir con las metas propuestas,

mucho animo y exito.

Atte.

 

Administrador